This entry was posted in Awareness and tagged biology, cbt, dvd, free download, pdf, textbook on June 22nd 2017 by jasmine. Biotechnology is the engineering design of living organisms and their constituent parts to produce useful products and services for human use. It can be applied to any field of science: biology (plant biotechnology), chemical engineering (biorefining), material sciences (biomaterials) and medical sciences. Biotechnologists explore ways to improve upon traditional processes through genetic engineering or recombinant DNA methods such as gene splicing or gene sequencing without having to bring a living organism into existence from scratch. Biotechnology has been used to produce a wide range of products, including food additives, animal vaccines and drugs, medical devices and diagnostics. The emergence of biotechnology as a industry in the 1980s led to the development of a number of biotech firms. In 1999, Nobel Prize-winning scientist Paul Nurse defined biotechnology as “the application of biology to making or using products”. However, now that the Human Genome Project has been completed for humans and most model organisms have been mapped, some scientists have redefined biotechnology as the use of living systems and organisms to make or modify products or processes for specific use. This broad definition encompasses both biological engineering but is not necessarily limited to it. Biotechnology, then, encompasses the application of biological knowledge to give practical effect to biological ideas. This may include using biotechnology to produce useful products or useful parts of organisms, whether living or not. Biotechnologists seek new ways to make the production of these products more efficient or less expensive. The result can be a form of molecular nanotechnology - the development of computer-assisted insight into the nature of complex systems for identifying appropriate means for modifying existing processes to suit needs. Increasingly, biotechnologists and bioengineers use biotechnology as a tool with which to design and create products and services capable of addressing important human needs and desires. As a consequence, diverse groups of scientists and engineers are now designing complex biological systems that work in much the same way that electronic systems do, in order to produce medicines, food products, environmentally friendly chemical processing agents, biofuels and other renewable resources. The capacity to engineer biology represents an emerging trend in the field of biotechnology known as synthetic biology which allows for constructing new biological systems or modifying existing biological systems in a relatively standardised manner. Bioengineering is a related term which has been in use since at least 1991 when bioengineered human proteins were successfully produced in the milk of transgenic cows. In this context, bioengineering is applied to the development of technologies that can be implemented to realize specific goals and requires a clear understanding of the biological systems involved. This includes knowledge of cell biology and tissue engineering, molecular biology, biochemistry and other aspects of molecular biology such as genomics and proteomics. As an interdisciplinary field, bioengineering draws on several different scientific and engineering disciplines including: genetics; biochemistry; biotechnology; chemical engineering; mechanical engineering; electrical or computer engineering; biomedical engineering and others. 81eaaddfaf 55
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